Which approach is considered reactive rather than proactive in leadership?

The concept of "management by exception-passive" is centered on a leadership style that primarily focuses on intervening only when problems arise or when performance deviates significantly from the standard. This approach implies that the leader waits for issues to emerge before they take action, rather than actively seeking to prevent issues from occurring in the first place.

In contrast, transformational leadership, coaching, and integrity-based leadership all emphasize proactive strategies to foster a positive environment, drive change, and ensure adherence to values and ethical standards. Transformational leaders inspire and motivate their team to take initiative, coaching involves guiding individuals to develop their potential proactively, and integrity-based leadership focuses on instilling values and principles to influence behavior positively before issues arise.

Thus, management by exception-passive is distinctly reactive, as it relies on responding to crises rather than anticipating and preventing them, making it the correct answer in this context.